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Am J Infect Control. 2016 Dec 1;44(12):1622-1627. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.04.251. Epub 2016 Aug 1.

Reduction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in long-term care is possible while maintaining patient socialization: A prospective randomized clinical trial.

Peterson LR, Boehm S, Beaumont JL, Patel PA, Schora DM, Peterson KE, Burdsall D, Hines C, Fausone M, Robicsek A, Smith BA.

BACKGROUND:

Antibiotic resistance is a challenge in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). The objective of this study was to demonstrate that a novel, minimally invasive program not interfering with activities of daily living or socialization could lower methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disease.

METHODS:

This was a prospective, cluster-randomized, nonblinded trial initiated at 3 LTCFs. During year 1, units were stratified by type of care and randomized to intervention or control. In year 2, all units were converted to intervention consisting of universal decolonization using intranasal mupirocin and a chlorhexidine bath performed twice (2 decolonization-bathing cycles 1 month apart) at the start of the intervention period. Subsequently, after initial decolonization, all admissions were screened on site using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and those MRSA positive were decolonized, but not isolated. Units received annual instruction on hand hygiene. Enhanced bleach wipe cleaning of flat surfaces was done every 4 months.

RESULTS:

There were 16,773 tests performed. The MRSA infection rate decreased 65% between baseline (44 infections during 365,809 patient days) and year 2 (12 infections during 287,847 patient days; P <.001); a significant reduction was observed at each of the LTCFs (P <.03).

CONCLUSIONS:

On-site MRSA surveillance with targeted decolonization resulted in a significant decrease in clinical MRSA infection among LTCF residents.


Am J Infect Control. 2014 Oct;42(10 Suppl):S269-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.05.011.

Impact of Detection, Education, Research and Decolonization without Isolation in Long-term care (DERAIL) on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and transmission at 3 long-term care facilities.

Schora DM, Boehm S, Das S, Patel PA, O’Brien J, Hines C, Burdsall D, Beaumont J, Peterson K, Fausone M, Peterson LR.

Abstract

We tested infection prevention strategies to limit exposure of long-term care facility residents to drug-resistant pathogens in a prospective, cluster randomized 2-year trial involving 3 long-term care facilities (LTCFs) using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a model. We hypothesized that nasal MRSA surveillance using rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction and decolonization of carriers would successfully lower overall MRSA colonization. In year 1, randomly assigned intervention units received decolonization with nasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine bathing and enhanced environmental cleaning with bleach every 4 months. Newly admitted MRSA nares-positive residents were decolonized on admission. Control units were screened but not decolonized. All units received periodic bleach environmental cleaning and instruction on hand hygiene. In year 2, all units followed intervention protocol caused by failure of the cluster randomized approach to sufficiently segregate patients. MRSA colonization was monitored using point prevalence testing every 4-6 months. Colonization status at admission and discharge was performed 1 quarter per year to determine acquisition. Fisher exact test was used for statistical analysis. Baseline MRSA colonization rate was 16.64%. In year 1, the colonization rate of intervention units was 11.61% (P = .028) and 17.85% in control units (P = .613) compared with baseline. Intervention unit rate difference compared with the controls was significant (P = .001). In year 2, the colonization rate was 10.55% (P < .001) compared with baseline. The transmission rates were 1.66% and 3.52% in years 1 and 2, respectively (P = .034). The planned interventions of screening and decolonization were successful at lowering MRSA colonization.


Am J Infect Control. 2000 Feb;28(1):3-7.

Effect of a comprehensive infection control program on the incidence of infections in long-term care facilities.

Makris AT, Morgan L, Gaber DJ, Richter A, Rubino JR.

BACKGROUND:

Control of infection within the long-term care facility is a daunting problem. Elderly patients are at high risk for contracting infection because of reduced innate immunity, malnutrition, and the presence of chronic medical conditions. This small study tested the effect of developing and implementing a comprehensive preventive infection control program in the long-term care setting and examined the resultant incidence of infections.

METHODS:

Eight private, freestanding, long-term care facilities in urban and suburban settings were selected for the study. The 4 test sites had a total of 443 beds; there were 447 beds in 4 matched control sites. Data on infection rates were accrued in both preintervention and intervention years. The control homes maintained their existing infection control policies and procedures. The test homes were provided with an infection control educational program and replaced all currently used germicidal products with single-branded products for a 12-month period. A criteria-based standardized infection control surveillance system was used to monitor and report infections in all facilities.

RESULTS:

In the preintervention year, the test sites experienced 743 infections (incidence density rate, 6.33) and the control homes experienced 614 infections (incidence density rate, 3.39). In the intervention year, the test homes reported 621 infections, a decrease of 122 infections (incidence density rate, 4.15); in the control homes, the number of infections increased slightly, to 626 (incidence density rate, 3.15). The greatest reduction in infections in the test homes was in upper respiratory infections (P =.06).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study provides additional evidence that a comprehensive infection control program that includes handwashing and environmental cleaning and disinfecting may help reduce infections among the elderly residing in long-term care settings.


Ann Nutr Metab. 2016;68(1):51-9. doi: 10.1159/000442305. Epub 2015 Nov 25.

The Effectiveness of Lactobacillus Beverages in Controlling Infections among the Residents of an Aged Care Facility: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial.

Nagata S, Asahara T, Wang C, Suyama Y, Chonan O, Takano K, Daibou M, Takahashi T, Nomoto K, Yamashiro Y.

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS:

To clarify the usefulness of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS)-fermented milk in the normalization of bowel movements and improvement of infection control for the elderly residents and staff of facilities for the elderly.

METHODS:

A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind test was performed among the elderly residents (average age, 85) and staff members (average age, 37) of facilities for the elderly. The participants randomly received either LcS-fermented milk or a placebo beverage once daily for 6 months. Clinical data and enteric conditions were compared between the 2 groups.

RESULTS:

A significantly lower incidence of fever and improved bowel movements were seen in the LcS-fermented milk group (n = 36) in comparison to the placebo group (n = 36). The numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were significantly higher (p < 0.01), the numbers of destructive bacteria such as Clostridium difficile were significantly lower (p < 0.05), and the fecal acetic acid concentration and total acidity were significantly higher in the LcS group. A significant difference in the intestinal microbiota, fecal acetic acid, and pH was also observed between the LcS and placebo groups among the facility’s staff members.

CONCLUSIONS:

The long-term consumption of LcS-fermented milk may be useful for decreasing the daily risk of infection and improving the quality of life among the residents and staff of facilities for the elderly.


Behav Med. 2018 Apr-Jun;44(2):141-150. doi: 10.1080/08964289.2017.1288607. Epub 2017 Mar 3.

Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Infections in Pediatric Long-term Care Facilities: The Keep It Clean for Kids Trial.

Larson EL, Murray MT, Cohen B, Simpser E, Pavia M, Jackson O, Jia H, Hutcheon RG, Mosiello L, Neu N, Saiman L.


Abstract

Children in pediatric long-term care facilities (pLTCF) represent a highly vulnerable population and infectious outbreaks occur frequently, resulting in significant morbidity, mortality, and resource use. The purpose of this quasi-experimental trial using time series analysis was to assess the impact of a 4-year theoretically based behavioral intervention on infection prevention practices and clinical outcomes in three pLTCF (288 beds) in New York metropolitan area including 720 residents, ages 1 day to 26 years with mean lengths of stay: 7.9-33.6 months. The 5-pronged behavioral intervention included explicit leadership commitment, active staff participation, work flow assessments, training staff in the World Health Organization «’five moments of hand hygiene (HH),» and electronic monitoring and feedback of HH frequency. Major outcomes were HH frequency, rates of infections, number of hospitalizations associated with infections, and outbreaks. Mean infection rates/1000 patient days ranged from 4.1-10.4 pre-intervention and 2.9-10.0 post-intervention. Mean hospitalizations/1000 patient days ranged from 2.3-9.7 before and 6.4-9.8 after intervention. Number of outbreaks/1000 patient days per study site ranged from 9-24 pre- and 9-18 post-intervention (total = 95); number of cases/outbreak ranged from 97-324 (total cases pre-intervention = 591 and post-intervention = 401). Post-intervention, statistically significant increases in HH trends occurred in one of three sites, reductions in infections in two sites, fewer hospitalizations in all sites, and significant but varied changes in the numbers of outbreaks and cases/outbreak. Modest but inconsistent improvements occurred in clinically relevant outcomes. Sustainable improvements in infection prevention in pLTCF will require culture change; increased staff involvement; explicit administrative support; and meaningful, timely behavioral feedback.


Clin Trials. 2016 Jun;13(3):264-74. doi: 10.1177/1740774515625976. Epub 2016 Feb 11.

A cluster randomized controlled trial comparing relative effectiveness of two licensed influenza vaccines in US nursing homes: Design and rationale.

Gravenstein S, Dahal R, Gozalo PL, Davidson HE, Han LF, Taljaard M, Mor V.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Influenza, the most important viral infection affecting older adults, produces a substantial burden in health care costs, morbidity, and mortality. Influenza vaccination remains the mainstay in prevention and is associated with reduced rates of hospitalization, stroke, heart attack, and death in non-institutional older adult populations. Influenza vaccination produces considerably lower antibody response in the elderly compared to young adults. Four-fold higher vaccine antigen (high-dose) than in the standard adult vaccine (standard-dose) elicits higher serum antibody levels and antibody response in ambulatory elderly.

PURPOSE:

To describe the design considerations of a large clinical trial of high-dose compared to standard-dose influenza vaccine in nursing homes and baseline characteristics of participating nursing homes and long-stay (more than 90 days) residents over 65 years of age.

METHODS:

The high-dose influenza vaccine intervention trial is multifacility, cluster randomized controlled trial with a 2×2 factorial design that compares hospitalization rates, mortality, and functional decline among long-stay nursing home residents in facilities randomized to receive high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine and also randomized with or without free staff vaccines provided by study organizers. Enrollment focused on nursing homes with a large long-stay resident population over 65 years of age. The primary outcome is the resident-level incidence of hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of pulmonary and influenza-like illness, based upon Medicare inpatient hospitalization claims. Secondary outcomes are all-cause mortality based upon the vital status indicator in the Medicare Vital Status file, all-cause hospitalization directly from the nursing home Minimum Data Set discharge records, and the probability of declining at least 4 points on the 28-point Activities of Daily Living Scale.

RESULTS:

Between February and September 2013, the high-dose influenza vaccine trial recruited and randomized 823 nursing homes. The analysis sample includes 53,035 long-stay nursing home residents over 65 years of age, representing 57.7% of the participating facilities’ population. Residents are mainly women (72.2%), white (75.5%), with a mean age of 83 years. Common conditions include hypertension (79.2%), depression (55.1%), and diabetes mellitus (34.4%). The prevalence of circulatory and pulmonary disorders includes heart failure (20.5%), stroke (20.1%), and asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (20.2%).

CONCLUSIONS:

This high-dose influenza vaccine trial uniquely offers a paradigm for future studies of clinical and programmatic interventions within the framework of efforts designed to test the impact of changes in usual treatment practices adopted by health care systems.


J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Mar;65(3):496-503. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14679. Epub 2016 Nov 16.

High-Dose Monthly Vitamin D for Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Long-Term Care Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Ginde AA, Blatchford P, Breese K, Zarrabi L, Linnebur SA, Wallace JI, Schwartz RS.

OBJECTIVES:

To determine the efficacy and safety of high-dose vitamin D supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in older long-term care residents.

DESIGN:

Randomized controlled trial investigating high-dose vs standard-dose vitamin D from 2010 to 2014.

SETTING:

Colorado long-term care facilities.

PARTICIPANTS:

Long-term care residents aged 60 and older (n = 107).

INTERVENTION:

The high-dose group received monthly supplement of vitamin D3 100,000 IU, the standard-dose group received a monthly placebo (for participants taking 400-1,000 IU/d as part of usual care) or a monthly supplement of 12,000 IU of vitamin D3 (for participants taking <400 IU/d as part of usual care).

MEASUREMENTS:

The primary outcome was incidence of ARI during the 12-month intervention. Secondary outcomes were falls and fractures, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, hypercalcemia, and kidney stones.

RESULTS:

Participants (55 high dose, 52 standard dose) were randomized and included in the final analysis. The high-dose group had 0.67 ARIs per person-year and the standard-dose group had 1.11 (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.38-0.94, P = .02). Falls were more common in the high-dose group (1.47 per person-year vs 0.63 in standard-dose group; IRR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.49-3.63, P < .001). Fractures were uncommon and similar in both groups (high dose 0.10 vs standard dose 0.19 per person-year; P = .31). Mean trough 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during the trial were 32. ng/mL in the high-dose group and 25.1 ng/mL in the standard-dose group. There was no hypercalcemia or kidney stones in either group.

CONCLUSION:

Monthly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation reduced the incidence of ARI in older long-term care residents but was associated with a higher rate of falls without an increase in fractures.


J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Jan;62(1):103-10.

Effectiveness of cranberry capsules to prevent urinary tract infections in vulnerable older persons: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial in long-term care facilities.

Caljouw MA, van den Hout WB, Putter H, Achterberg WP, Cools HJ, Gussekloo J.


OBJECTIVES:

To determine whether cranberry capsules prevent urinary tract infection (UTI) in long-term care facility (LTCF) residents.

DESIGN:

Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial.

SETTING:

Long-term care facilities (LTCFs).

PARTICIPANTS:

LTCF residents (N = 928; 703 women, median age 84).

MEASUREMENTS:

Cranberry and placebo capsules were taken twice daily for 12 months. Participants were stratified according to UTI risk (risk factors included long-term catheterization, diabetes mellitus, ≥ 1 UTI in preceding year). Main outcomes were incidence of UTI according to a clinical definition and a strict definition.

RESULTS:

In participants with high UTI risk at baseline (n = 516), the incidence of clinically defined UTI was lower with cranberry capsules than with placebo (62.8 vs 84.8 per 100 person-years at risk, P = .04); the treatment effect was 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.57-0.97). For the strict definition, the treatment effect was 1.02 (95% CI = 0.68-1.55). No difference in UTI incidence between cranberry and placebo was found in participants with low UTI risk (n = 412).

CONCLUSION:

In LTCF residents with high UTI risk at baseline, taking cranberry capsules twice daily reduces the incidence of clinically defined UTI, although it does not reduce the incidence of strictly defined UTI. No difference in incidence of UTI was found in residents with low UTI risk.


J Hosp Infect. 2017 May;96(1):69-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.03.019. Epub 2017 Mar 20.

Universal screening and decolonization for control of MRSA in nursing homes: follow-up of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Héquet D, Rousson V, Blanc DS, Büla C, Qalla-Widmer L, Masserey E, Zanetti G, Petignat C.

Abstract

In 2010-11, a trial conducted in nursing homes showed no benefit of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) universal screening and decolonization over standard precautions to reduce the prevalence of MRSA carriage. Accordingly, no routine screening was performed from 2012. A five-year follow-up shows no new evidence supporting the intervention. Recommendations issued after trial (no screening and decolonization of MRSA residents) were retained.


JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Sep 1;171(9):872-878. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1482

Incidence, Risks, and Types of Infections in Pediatric Long-term Care Facilities.

Importance.

Saiman L, Maykowski P, Murray M, Cohen B, Neu N, Jia H, Hutcheon G, Simpser E, Mosiello L, Alba L, Larson E.

The population of infants, children, and adolescents cared for at pediatric long-term care facilities is increasing in complexity and size and thus consumes substantial health care resources. Infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this population, but few recent data describe their incidence and effects.

Objectives:

To describe the types of infections diagnosed in residents of pediatric long-term care facilities, calculate infection rates, and identify risk factors for respiratory tract infections (RTIs).

Design, Setting, and Participants:

This prospective cohort study, which was part of a larger trial called Keep It Clean for Kids, was conducted from September 1, 2012, to December 31, 2015, at 3 pediatric long-term care facilities in New York. Residents of the facilities who were 21 years or younger and either residents or admitted during the study period (n = 717) were enrolled in the study. Medical records were reviewed to identify infections diagnosed by site clinicians.

Main Outcomes and Measures:

Incidence of infections, such as RTIs; skin and soft-tissue infections; chronic comorbid conditions, including neurologic and respiratory disorders; and device use, including gastrostomy tubes and tracheostomies, was determined. Risk factors for RTIs were assessed by generalized linear mixed method regression modeling.

Results:

The 717 residents had a median (interquartile range) age at enrollment of 2.6 (0.4-9.1) years; 358 (49.9%) were male. Four hundred twenty-eight residents (59.7%) had feeding tubes and 215 (30.0%) had tracheostomies. Most chronic comorbid conditions were musculoskeletal or ambulation (532 residents [74.2%]), neurologic (505 [70.4%]), respiratory (361 [50.3%]), and gastrointestinal (230 [32.1%]) disorders, and 460 residents (64.2%) had 4 or more chronic comorbid conditions. Site clinicians diagnosed 2052 infections during the 3-year study period. Respiratory tract infections were most common and were diagnosed in 1291 residents (62.9%). The overall infection rate was 5.3 infections per 1000 resident-days, and RTI rates were 3.3 infections per 1000 resident-days. Overall infection rates and rates of RTI, skin and soft-tissue infection, urinary tract infection, and bloodstream infection varied among the 3 sites. In the multivariable model, younger age (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.06), increased number of chronic comorbid conditions (IRR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.19), and the use of feeding tubes (IRR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03-1.64) and tracheostomies (IRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.17-1.69) were associated with RTIs.

Conclusions and Relevance:

In this study, RTIs were the most common infections diagnosed, but modifiable risk factors for RTIs were not identified. Future work should focus on optimizing infection prevention and control strategies to reduce infections, particularly RTIs, in the pediatric long-term care population.


Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;20(6):468-76. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318246b807.

Exercise and social activity improve everyday function in long-term care residents..

Lorenz RA, Gooneratne N, Cole CS, Kleban MH, Kalra GK, Richards KC.

IOBJECTIVES:

This study examined the effects of high-intensity resistance strength training and walking (E), individualized social activity (SA), and resistance training and walking combined with social activity (ESA) on everyday function in long-term care (LTC) residents and explored the relationship between change in everyday function and change in sleep.

DESIGN:

The study used data from The Effect of Activities and Exercise on Sleep, a randomized controlled trial.

SETTING:

Residential LTC facilities.

PARTICIPANTS:

A total of 119 participants who had measures of everyday function and sleep at baseline and postintervention.

INTERVENTIONS:

The E group exercised 5 days a week. The SA group was involved in social activities 5 days a week. The ESA group received both E and SA interventions. The usual care (UC) control group participated in usual activities.

MEASUREMENTS:

Everyday function was measured by the Nursing Home Physical Performance Test. Nighttime sleep was measured by attended polysomnography.

RESULTS:

The UC and SA groups showed a decline in everyday function, whereas the E and ESA groups showed improvement. There were statistically significant differences between the groups, with pairwise comparisons showing significant improvements in the ESA group over the SA group (95% confidence interval, -3.94 to -0.97) and the UC group (95% confidence interval, -3.69 to -0.64). No relationship was found between change in everyday function and change in sleep.

CONCLUSION:

Seven weeks of high-intensity resistance strength training and walking, combined with individualized social activities (ESA), improved everyday function among LTC residents, independent of change in sleep.


American Journal of Infection Control, Volume 47, Issue 7, Pages 737-743

Laminar airflow and mixing ventilation: Which is better for operating room airflow distribution near an orthopedic surgical patient ?

Guangyu Cao, Anders M. Nilssen, Zhu Cheng, Liv-Inger Stenstad, … Jan Gunnar Skogås

Background

There has been little research on the performance of laminar airflow (LAF) and mixing ventilation (MV) systems regarding clean airflow distribution near a surgical patient in operating rooms (ORs). The objective of this study was to examine the performance of LAF and MV systems in ORs at St Olavs Hospital in Norway.

Methods

Experimental measurements were conducted in 2 ORs equipped with LAF and MV systems.

Results

Under real operating conditions, airflow distribution from the LAF system was disrupted, and airflow velocity became significantly lower than that of MV above the lying patient. Airflow pattern was observed as distributed vertically downward and horizontally with LAF and MV, respectively. Turbulence intensity of supply airflow from LAF was much lower than that of MV.

Conclusions

The airflow distribution by LAF system in close proximity to a patient is greatly affected by thermal plumes generated above incisions by both patients and surgical facilities. The effect of surgical facilities on airflow distribution by using MV is not significant compared to LAF ventilation. New guidelines are needed for the design of clean airflow distribution systems in the vicinity of surgical patients in ORs.

American Journal of Infection Control, Volume 47, Issue 6, Supplement, June 2019, Page s8

Factors Associated with Infection Preventionist Turnover in Long-term Care Facilities.

Margaret Drake, Regina Nailon, Teresa Fitzgerald, Laura K. Tyner, Muhammad Ashraf.

BACKGROUND

Infection Preventionist (IP) turnover is a significant barrier in developing effective infection prevention and control (IPC) programs in the long-term care facilities (LTCF). We studied the factors that contributed to or prevented IP turnover in LTCF.

METHODS

An 11 question online survey was developed and emailed to 222 directors of nursing (DON) of LTCF with directions to forward it to the facility IP for completion. Survey collected information on turnover of IP, DON and associate DON (ADON) in the past 24 months. Additional questions assessed perceptions of IPs regarding impact of turnover and factors associated with it.

RESULTS

A total of 64 IPs (28.8%) completed the survey. All reported performing at least one additional responsibility in addition to their IP role (range 1-4). In the past 24 months, 54.7% LTCF had at least one turnover at IP, 54.7% at DON and 29.7% at ADON positions. Majority of IPs (54.3%) from the LTCF that had turnover at DON position (n=35) reported that turnover in nursing leadership affected their ability to perform their IPC program responsibilities. Many IPs (45.7%) from LTCF that experienced IP turnover (n=35) reported that it impeded full implementation of IPC program at their facility. Workload was the most frequently selected contributing factor to the turnover (37.1%), followed by wages and benefits (28.6%), nursing leadership turnover (25.7%), dissatisfaction with the job (25.7%), and understaffing (25.7%). The most common reasons preventing IP turnover reported by IPs from LTCF without any IP turnover (n=29) included nursing leadership stability (27.6%), opportunity for professional development (20.7%), and overall satisfaction with the job (17.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified several modifiable factors that influence IP turnover in LTCF. Advocacy at the national level is required to raise awareness of the challenges faced by IPs in this setting in order to decrease their turnover rate.


American Journal of Infection Control, Volume 42, Issue 10, Supplement, October 2014, Pages s269-s273.

Impact of Detection, Education, Research and Decolonization without Isolation in Long-term care (DERAIL) on methicillin-resistant colonization and transmission at 3 long-term care facilities.

Donna M. Schora, Susan Boehm, Sanchita Das, Parul A. Patel, Lance R. Peterson


We tested infection prevention strategies to limit exposure of long-term care facility residents to drug-resistant pathogens in a prospective, cluster randomized 2-year trial involving 3 long-term care facilities (LTCFs) using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a model. We hypothesized that nasal MRSA surveillance using rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction and decolonization of carriers would successfully lower overall MRSA colonization. In year 1, randomly assigned intervention units received decolonization with nasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine bathing and enhanced environmental cleaning with bleach every 4 months. Newly admitted MRSA nares-positive residents were decolonized on admission. Control units were screened but not decolonized. All units received periodic bleach environmental cleaning and instruction on hand hygiene. In year 2, all units followed intervention protocol caused by failure of the cluster randomized approach to sufficiently segregate patients. MRSA colonization was monitored using point prevalence testing every 4-6 months. Colonization status at admission and discharge was performed 1 quarter per year to determine acquisition. Fisher exact test was used for statistical analysis. Baseline MRSA colonization rate was 16.64%. In year 1, the colonization rate of intervention units was 11.61% (P = .028) and 17.85% in control units (P = .613) compared with baseline. Intervention unit rate difference compared with the controls was significant (P = .001). In year 2, the colonization rate was 10.55% (P < .001) compared with baseline. The transmission rates were 1.66% and 3.52% in years 1 and 2, respectively (P = .034). The planned interventions of screening and decolonization were successful at lowering MRSA colonization.


American Journal of Infection Control, Volume 44, Issue 12, 1 December 2016, Pages 1622-1627

Reduction of methicillin-resistant infection in long-term care is possible while maintaining patient socialization: A prospective randomized clinical trial.

Lance R. Peterson, Susan Boehm, Jennifer L. Beaumont, Parul A. Patel, Becky A. Smith.

Background

Antibiotic resistance is a challenge in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). The objective of this study was to demonstrate that a novel, minimally invasive program not interfering with activities of daily living or socialization could lower methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disease.

Methods

This was a prospective, cluster-randomized, nonblinded trial initiated at 3 LTCFs. During year 1, units were stratified by type of care and randomized to intervention or control. In year 2, all units were converted to intervention consisting of universal decolonization using intranasal mupirocin and a chlorhexidine bath performed twice (2 decolonization-bathing cycles 1 month apart) at the start of the intervention period. Subsequently, after initial decolonization, all admissions were screened on site using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and those MRSA positive were decolonized, but not isolated. Units received annual instruction on hand hygiene. Enhanced bleach wipe cleaning of flat surfaces was done every 4 months.

Results

There were 16,773 tests performed. The MRSA infection rate decreased 65% between baseline (44 infections during 365,809 patient days) and year 2 (12 infections during 287,847 patient days; P < .001); a significant reduction was observed at each of the LTCFs (P < .03).

Conclusions

On-site MRSA surveillance with targeted decolonization resulted in a significant decrease in clinical MRSA infection among LTCF residents.


American Journal of Infection Control, Volume 43, Issue 5, 1 May 2015, Pages 424-434.

Cleaning and disinfecting environmental surfaces in health care: Toward an integrated framework for infection and occupational illness prevention.

Margaret M. Quinn, Paul K. Henneberger, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) Cleaning and Disinfecting in Healthcare Working Group

Abstract

Background

The Cleaning and Disinfecting in Healthcare Working Group of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Occupational Research Agenda, is a collaboration of infection prevention and occupational health researchers and practitioners with the objective of providing a more integrated approach to effective environmental surface cleaning and disinfection (C&D) while protecting the respiratory health of health care personnel.

Methods

The Working Group, comprised of >40 members from 4 countries, reviewed current knowledge and identified knowledge gaps and future needs for research and practice.

Results

An integrated framework was developed to guide more comprehensive efforts to minimize harmful C&D exposures without reducing the effectiveness of infection prevention. Gaps in basic knowledge and practice that are barriers to an integrated approach were grouped in 2 broad areas related to the need for improved understanding of the (1) effectiveness of environmental surface C&D to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and colonization in health care workers and patients and (2) adverse health impacts of C&D on health care workers and patients. Specific needs identified within each area relate to basic knowledge, improved selection and use of products and practices, effective hazard communication and training, and safer alternatives.

Conclusion

A more integrated approach can support multidisciplinary teams with the capacity to maximize effective and safe C&D in health care.

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